Flying With a Dog for Thanksgiving

Flying can be stressful for dogs: noise, strange smells, crowds, confinement, and changes in pressure and temperature. Some dogs cope well, others do not. Flat-faced breeds, such as bulldogs and pugs, are at higher risk of breathing problems, and many airlines restrict them. Puppies, seniors, and dogs with health problems may be unsuitable. Think honestly about your dog's temperament and health, and consider whether a trip is really necessary.

Talk to your veterinarian, who can advise on the risks, and whether sedation is appropriate. Sedation is generally discouraged for air travel, because it can affect breathing and blood pressure at altitude, so do not give any medication without veterinary guidance.

Airline policies vary, so check each carrier's current rules before booking. The main options are generally the following.

• In the cabin: small dogs in an approved carrier that fits under the seat, with weight and size limits. Usually the safest and least stressful.
• As checked baggage or cargo: larger dogs travel in the hold, in a rigid, approved crate. This carries more risk, including temperature extremes, and some airlines do not allow it.
• Service animals and emotional support animals have separate rules, and airlines have tightened requirements in recent years.
• Seasonal and temperature restrictions may apply, particularly in hot or very cold weather.

Note: Book early. Airlines limit the number of pets per flight, and holiday flights fill quickly. Confirm requirements in writing, including fees and documents.

Many airlines and destinations require a health certificate, issued by a veterinarian within a set number of days of travel, and proof of vaccinations, particularly rabies. International travel may involve further requirements, such as a microchip, blood tests, and import permits, which can take weeks or months. Check the rules of your destination, and your airline, well in advance.

Make sure your dog is microchipped, with up-to-date contact details, and wears a collar with ID tags. Carry copies of all documents, and a recent photo of your dog.

Your dog may spend hours in a carrier, so it must be a place they feel safe. Start weeks before the trip. Leave the carrier out, with the door open, and feed meals and treats inside. Gradually close the door for short periods, and build up the time. Practice carrying the carrier, and take short trips in the car, rewarding calm behavior. Add a familiar blanket, and a chew.

1. Put the carrier in a living area, door open, with treats inside.
2. Feed meals in the carrier, and let your dog come and go.
3. Close the door for a few seconds, then minutes, rewarding calm behavior.
4. Practice lifting and carrying, with treats.
5. Do short car rides in the carrier.
6. Practice sitting in the carrier in a busy place, such as a store entrance, for short periods.

For the cabin, choose a soft-sided or hard-sided carrier that meets the airline's size requirements and fits under the seat. Your dog should be able to stand, turn, and lie down. For cargo, a rigid, airline-approved crate with ventilation on all sides, secure latches, and absorbent bedding is needed. Label it with your name, contact details, and the words live animal, and attach a water dish that can be filled from outside.

Exercise your dog before you leave for the airport, and offer a toilet break. Feed a light meal several hours before, or follow your vet's advice. Arrive early, allow time for security, and be prepared to take your dog out of the carrier for screening, on a leash. Keep your dog calm, and offer water at appropriate times. Bring waste bags, wipes, and a spare blanket.

After landing, take your dog to a toilet area as soon as you can, and offer water. Watch for signs of stress, and let them settle in a quiet space.

If flying seems too risky or stressful, consider alternatives. Driving gives you more control, and lets you stop for breaks. A trusted pet sitter, a boarding facility, or a friend or family member can look after your dog at home. Some owners choose a pet transport service for longer distances. Whatever you choose, plan ahead, and make sure your dog is comfortable and safe.