Dog Dry Skin and Winter Grooming

Low humidity is the main cause. Cold air holds less moisture, and heating systems dry out the air indoors even further. A dog's skin loses moisture to the air, and the coat can feel brittle. Frequent bathing, harsh shampoos, and salt or de-icer on walks can add to the problem. Some dogs, such as those with thin coats, allergies, or skin conditions, are more prone.

Winter is also a time when dogs may be less active, with less brushing and fewer baths, which can lead to a buildup of dead skin and hair. Regular care can prevent the worst.

Dry skin is usually mild, but pay attention to how your dog looks and behaves.

• White flakes of dandruff in the coat.
• Scratching, licking, or chewing at the skin.
• A dull, dry, or brittle coat.
• Cracked, rough, or peeling paw pads and nose.
• Redness or flaky patches.
• Increased static, or shedding.

Note: Intense itching, sores, hair loss, a bad smell, or oozing patches are not just dry skin, and need a vet's attention.

Brush your dog regularly, since it removes dead hair, spreads natural oils, and improves circulation. Use a brush suited to the coat. Limit baths in winter, unless needed, as over-washing strips the oils from the skin. When you do bathe your dog, use a gentle, moisturizing dog shampoo, rinse thoroughly, and dry well, especially between the toes and under the legs. Do not use human shampoos, which are not made for dogs' skin pH.

A conditioner or a leave-in spray designed for dogs can add moisture. Keep your dog warm after a bath, and do not let them go outside with a wet coat.

Paws take a beating in winter, from cold, ice, and de-icing salt. Wipe or rinse them after walks, and check for cracks. Apply a paw balm made for dogs to protect and moisturize, and trim the hair between the pads to avoid ice build-up. Boots can help, if your dog tolerates them. Avoid human lotions, which can be toxic if licked.

If your dog's paws are cracked or bleeding, or they are limping, see your vet.

1. Wipe paws after every walk.
2. Check between toes and pads for cracks and ice balls.
3. Apply a thin layer of paw balm if dry.
4. Keep nails trimmed.
5. Use boots in harsh conditions, if tolerated.

A humidifier in the room where your dog sleeps can ease dry air. Keep your dog away from direct heat sources, such as radiators and vents. Make sure fresh water is always available. Feed a complete, balanced diet, and ask your vet whether a supplement, such as omega-3 fatty acids, is appropriate. Do not start supplements without advice.

Keep your dog's bedding clean, and brush or bathe as needed. Regular, gentle care goes a long way.

Dry skin is common, but other conditions can look similar. Allergies, fleas and mites, fungal and bacterial infections, hormonal problems, and nutritional issues can all cause itching and flaking. See your vet if your dog scratches constantly, has red or sore skin, loses hair, has a strong odor, or if you see no improvement after a couple of weeks of care. Early treatment prevents complications.

Different coats react differently to dry weather, so adjust your routine.

• Short, smooth coats: a rubber curry brush once or twice a week, and a light moisturizing spray if dry.
• Double coats: regular brushing to remove dead undercoat, but no shaving, which removes insulation.
• Long, silky coats: gentle brushing to avoid mats and static, and a detangling spray.
• Curly and wiry coats: regular brushing and professional grooming, with careful drying.
• Hairless and thin-coated breeds: protect from cold, moisturize with products your vet recommends, and watch for sunburn and dryness.

A bath in winter should be gentle and quick. Follow these steps.

1. Brush thoroughly before the bath, to remove loose hair and mats.
2. Use lukewarm water, and wet the coat well.
3. Apply a small amount of moisturizing dog shampoo, and rinse thoroughly.
4. Use a dog conditioner, if the skin is dry.
5. Towel dry, and use a dryer on a low, cool setting if needed.
6. Keep your dog indoors and warm until fully dry.
7. Apply paw balm if the pads are dry.

Dry skin can overlap with more serious conditions. Seek advice promptly if you see any of the following, whatever the season.

• Red, inflamed, or oozing patches.
• Hair loss in clumps, or bald spots.
• A strong smell, or greasy skin.
• Constant scratching, or biting at the skin.
• Scabs, sores, or visible parasites.
• Changes in thirst, appetite, or weight.